https://www.carbontakedown.com/about daily 0.75 2024-03-28 https://www.carbontakedown.com/electric-cars daily 0.75 2024-04-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/1599762209575-PD0QYCNY2GLQOFGXQZYP/IMG_20200723_154122.jpg EVs - $ and GHGs 400 km range, 5 passenger BEV charging on a high rate Level 3 charger. (Photo Credit S. Lapp) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/f5e2a49b-9e36-400e-bc37-9012580e1f56/ALL+Canadian+available+EV+cost+versus+range+Mar+2024.png.jpg EVs - $ and GHGs - Make it stand out Cost in $1000’s of Can dollars versus range. Cost is from manufacturer website and includes MSRP, Delivery, taxes and federal rebate as of March 2024. Outside of the province of Ontario, provincial rebates will create a different cost. (Chart credit S. Lapp) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/1599762302907-2G2KI3FI310DUJSESA5B/Petro+Canada+FCDC.jpg EVs - $ and GHGs Level 3 High Rate EV Charging Station, Cobourg (Photo credit, S. Lapp) https://www.carbontakedown.com/contact daily 0.75 2020-09-21 https://www.carbontakedown.com/ev-ppt-slide-show daily 0.75 2020-08-27 https://www.carbontakedown.com/decarbonization daily 0.75 2020-09-21 https://www.carbontakedown.com/home-heating-and-cooling daily 0.75 2024-03-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/63e46b53-4f91-4f92-a7b7-76cec31875c2/PXL_20240223_191826074.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/1599762561871-LWUBWVBOW69DIFQZOV51/Bosch+Heat+Pump.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/eb67496a-fe68-4403-9140-570f7c489876/PXL_20240223_151148231.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/1600366236902-LU84VQWDIR14FKN2WCGR/Ontario+NIR+2017+pie+chart.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/1600698543778-FBW2G94YBFMXC0XRCB8I/relative+GHG+emissions.GIF https://www.carbontakedown.com/excel daily 0.75 2020-09-21 https://www.carbontakedown.com/decarbonizing-ontario daily 0.75 2024-03-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/1600372206372-F930TOUX99N9S1QTI7AU/Northland+Power+PV+Farm+Tour.JPG 2050 A Zero Carbon Ontario Grid St. Lawrence College 2015 Tour of Northland 10 MW PV Farm, Belleville, Ontario (Photo Credit S. Lapp) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/5127ff56-d8e9-4be0-8d50-bffc1483e70f/Sample+shot+of+grid+modelling.png 2050 A Zero Carbon Ontario Grid - Make it stand out Above is a simulation that shows the MW load versus days from January 1st. The load chart shown represents 142 TWh of annual production with greatly reduced nuclear (due to decommissioning of current plants), 21,000 MW of wind capacity, 45,000 MW of solar photovoltaic capacity and the partial battery capacity from 4 million EVs with V2G technology in place. This system would require twice the current maximum natural gas generation capacity to cover brief periods of low wind and solar renewables generation (the black areas), but due to the large storage capacity, this mix would have about one third the present 2021 annual natural gas GHG emissions. More detailed results to come. (S. Lapp Jan 2023) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/1600702268552-67PXLPCCDRXL8M3AEJOB/IMG_0622.jpg 2050 A Zero Carbon Ontario Grid Henvey Inlet 300 MW Wind Farm, Georgian bay, 2019. (Photo credit, S. Lapp) https://www.carbontakedown.com/decarbonizing daily 0.75 2024-03-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/1600367070296-HNG2LTTCZS8GS8ZKN6AU/TWh+pie+chart+on+GHG+2017.JPG Decarbonizing Ontario The red TWh numbers are the approximate TWhs of annual electricity generation required in Ontario by 2050 to replace existing fossil fueled sectors. (as of 2017). For example, the gasoline and diesel required to run all the vehicles in the transportation sector could be replaced by about 45 TWh of electricity. The much higher efficiency of electric cars and heat pumps means that much less energy is required to provide the same distance in travel or space heating energy than when using fossil fuels. In the case of gasoline vehicles for instance, about 80% to 90% of the energy in the fuel is wasted as heat that goes out the tailpipe as hot exhaust, and from the radiator as heat transferred to cooler air. https://www.carbontakedown.com/previous-work-new daily 0.75 2023-01-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/1599833095070-U4RQFRFQELU8J6P8HKA4/PV+prius.jpg Previous Work A photovoltaic-assisted hybrid Toyota Prius, 2005. I designed and built this system, the first of its kind. (Lapp photo) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/1599761545869-U0JVRD3OYEDUWXUDZPLO/IMG_5918.jpg Previous Work One of the first grid-connected PV systems in Jamaica, 2014. A collaboration of Jamaica’s NTEI Institute and St. Lawrence College funded through the Canadian Bureau of International Education. I led the project implementation and system design. (Lapp photo) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/1600044627065-NDGG2U40CF76TQUR063X/OrcaLab+Group+shot+Ronnie+Goberson%2C+Mark+McCallum%2C+Paul+McKay%2C+Steve+Lapp.jpg Previous Work Newly installed PV at Orcalab, Hanson Island, BC in 2014. Left to right, Ronnie G, Mark M., Steve Lapp, Paul M. https://www.carbontakedown.com/electric-cars-1 daily 1.0 2025-08-09 https://www.carbontakedown.com/links daily 0.75 2023-01-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/1599762302907-2G2KI3FI310DUJSESA5B/Petro+Canada+FCDC.jpg Links Level 3 (50 kw and 350 kW) EV chargers, Spring 2020, Cobourg, Ontario. (Photo credit, S. Lapp) https://www.carbontakedown.com/ev-myth-busting-1 daily 0.75 2023-01-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/06f12400-f602-4947-92f6-4a37f75823e3/Ford+EV+GHG+chart.PNG EV Myth Busting This chart shows the life cycle GHG emissions of various sizes of EV versus ICE vehicles (Internal Combustion Engines on gasoline) vehicles in three class sizes. Here’s the link to the complete study. This study used aggregate US electricity generation GHG emissions, in Ontario the life cycle GHG emissions will be much lower due to our lower carbon grid. With a zero carbon grid, EVs will have a horizontal emissions line, and if manufacturing is also ultimately much lower carbon, then the initial emissions at year zero also decrease. There are now plenty of studies showing EVs have lower life cycle emissions than ICE vehicles. https://www.carbontakedown.com/ev-myth-busting daily 0.75 2020-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/1601408604019-BA3K5W1Y1E9407TAIJN2/Life+cycle+emisisons+of+ev.GIF What's up with hydrogen? This chart shows the life cycle GHG emissions of an EV running on Ontario electricity. I took the data from a Union of Concerned Scientists study and modified it to use the GHG intensity of electricity made in Ontario to operate the EV. The bars show the life cycle emissions of a car made on the average US coal dominant electricity mix, but being driven in Ontario. Operating on low carbon Ontario electricity, the EV has life cycle GHG emissions about 1/5 that of the midsize gasoline car. This particular study analyzed an EV with a 150 km range and longer range EVs will have a larger light blue battery emissions contribution, but these emissions are still minimal compared to the GHG from the lifetime of gasoline GHG emissions (large dark blue baron the left). If the EV was made in a factory powered by low GHG intensity electricity, then the red GHG manufacturing emissions portion would also decrease. This would be the case for EVs made in Ontario. (S. Lapp) https://www.carbontakedown.com/electric-cars-2 daily 0.75 2023-01-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/d2e5f7f0-006c-4880-ab97-6a68aff77c94/kWh+per+100+km+trip+distance+and+charge+efficiency.png Long Distance EV Trip Efficiency in an EV is measured by km driven per kWh unit of electricity. This is expressed as kWh/100km. Most passenger car EVs in good weather will have efficiencies of about 14 to 20 kWh/100km. On this trip in fair dry weather, the Bolt used between 14 and 18 kWh/100 km. (S. Lapp, April 2021) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/bcc51a84-429d-4050-abc2-b24d842510fe/Cost+per+charge.png Long Distance EV Trip Here are the costs as billed by the charging companies including taxes. The total was $43.98 for the 1631 km trip. The charges at the half way and final destinations were no charge at the accommodations. This was about 1/2 of the cost of the same trip a year earlier in terrible weather than made the car much less efficient. (S. Lapp, June April 2021) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/88d20ec0-af36-47ac-894f-9cc1ac4a894c/distance+driven+on+each+charge.png Long Distance EV Trip The total trip was 1631 km. The blue dots show the distance driven between charges. The first day of travel is represented by the first three blue dots, i.e. to about 780 km where we overnighted and received a 100% charge on a free Level 2 charger at the hotel. the distance driven in the first leg of each day is longer due to the battery having a 100% SOC due to the overnight charging. The weather was dry and about 15-20 C. We drove at 110-120 kph. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/1617549810591-P9LR55DHJTMC3T5R9OOU/kWh+used+and+Efficiency+versus+Distance.png Long Distance EV Trip Here are data from an April 2021 long distance drive in a 2019 Chevy Bolt over two days from Kingston, Ontario to south of Halifax. The total trip was 1614 km. The red dots show the Chevy Bolt energy consumption (efficiency) at each charging stop in kWh/100km of travel at a speed of roughly 100-120 kph on the Trans Canada highway. The first day of travel is represented by the first four red dots, i.e. to about 750 km where I overnighted (no charger at the hotel). The weather was dry and about 5-10 C. I drove at 110-120 kph. The Bolt energy use was normal, about 17 kWh/100 km at 110-115 kph. The second day was snow for the first few hours then very heavy rain, with near freezing temperatures the whole way. The energy consumption went way up, to as high as 25 kWh/100 km, not due to heating but due to the resistance of the snow, or the 1 cm deep standing water on the roads, and the cold temperatures that make the air more dense and rolling resistance of tires higher. (S. Lapp, April 2021) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/1617544728081-QBZM1GVVMV0DBKHNPMFC/April+1+2021.jpg Long Distance EV Trip April 1st 2021 through New Brunswick. A cruel April fools day! The wipers have just moved to the up position and the windshield is already obscured by fresh rain. (S. Lapp, April 2021) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/1617544270674-H0AFLIQVEZQ15TKYJ9UK/Distance+driven+per+charge.png Long Distance EV Trip You might think you would just drive a few hundred kilometers per charge and that would be an easily repeated pattern for the trip. In reality, due to the weather (especially the terrible weather the second day), the charger locations and being human and needing food, bathrooms and breaks form the terrible driving conditions, the trip charging was not always predictable. On the second day because of the snow and rain and driver fatigue, I sometimes had to and sometimes chose to drive fewer kilometers per charge. (S. Lapp, April 2021) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/1617551386608-F0DRSQ2BGF5OR0XWFZW9/End+of+trip+energy+pie+chart.jpg Long Distance EV Trip The end of trip energy pie chart shows 6% of the trip energy was used for the heating and defrosting. There is a difference between “charge energy” of 350 kWh, and “Energy used” of 328 kWh, due to the battery charge/discharge efficiency, which worked out to 93% in this drive. I haven’t done exhaustive analysis to see how accurate that is. (S. Lapp, April 2021) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/1617544847258-Q2SDA1ARVWXF0Q4VP5YS/Battery+Charges+SOC+versus+distance.png Long Distance EV Trip By using the available data from the Bolt, and the data from the charging session providers I was able to create a battery State of Charge (SOC) graph. You’ll notice there is not much charging above 60-70% SOC, that’s because the chargers bill by the minute and the charge rate by that SOC has dropped to below 30 kW and therefore each kWh of energy gets expensive, it is better to drive and lower the battery SOC to where it will charge at 50 kW again. A car with a faster charging rate presents a different scenario. As to how low a SOC to go to, that depends on where the next chargers are. On the second day I had to charge more often as the rain and snow caused the car to use energy more quickly, I took more breaks due to the terrible driving conditions, and I had trouble with one charger (at 1500 km) and could not get a full charge. (s. Lapp, April 2021) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/1617548928604-D2H3N20L7ZR5QPSEWYYY/Cost+per+charge+versus+distance.png Long Distance EV Trip Here are the costs as billed including taxes at each charge stop. The total was $101.89 for the 1614 km trip. (S. Lapp, April 2021) https://www.carbontakedown.com/presentations daily 0.75 2022-02-16 https://www.carbontakedown.com/buying-an-ev daily 0.75 2024-03-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/2abb336c-b9e7-4ec1-b3e7-18da4a71ba49/IMG_20211106_162928.jpg Buying an EV https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/ecd66642-0d38-4143-91c4-3cbb10d01943/ALL+Canadian+available+EV+cost+versus+range+Mar+2024.png.jpg Buying an EV - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/92ca1610-05ac-480f-9c37-c824a66d9f24/5+year+ownwership+costs+jan+2023.jpg Buying an EV 5 year year net cash costs for selected gasoline and EV cars https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/319f0ca4-7e9f-46af-a7dd-c482da754f2c/Data+for+Jan+2023+5+year+costs.jpg Buying an EV January 2023 data used in the above 5 year ownership cost chart. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/e2bd62cd-4a48-44fc-9865-25f0f957cbcc/IMG_20210525_140510.jpg Buying an EV https://www.carbontakedown.com/ev-ranges-price-charging-rate daily 0.75 2024-04-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/c4eef361-d363-4ce6-aa8f-ce86154fd776/ALL+Canadian+available+EV+cost+versus+range+Mar+2024.png.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e738578f8c36f798edb4fea/538c5990-9894-448a-809b-3f82942ac84e/MSRP+and+Range+plus+charge+rate+legend+Jan+2023.png.jpg